910 

m 

•py 1 



£leventb and CiDclftb JInnual Programs 
1901-2-3 



..Xourist Club.** 




Zfi 





...IDinncapolis, IDinn... 



Eleventh and TiDdftb ilnnual Programs 

j «f the.,.,,. 

Tourist Club 

IT)inneapoli$« IDinnesota 



Tu)o Vears' Tour in The IDediterrancan 

The Barbarv Coast. Egvpt. and Greece* 1901-2 
Italy and Coasts of Trance and Spain, 1902-3 



Club IDotto: 
"Ulhat IDC know i$ the measure ot what lae see/ 

— Lessing. 



Organized 1891 

IDcmher of IDinn. State federation of Clubs, 1895 
IDember of General federation of Clubs, 1896 



PROGRAM PREPARED BT 
MRS. MARTHA C. W^ELLS 

2SOO STEVENS AVENTTK 

ACio'NBAPOi.is. Minn. 

Copyright, 1901. by 
Mrs. Martha C. Wells 





THE UISRARY OF 








S'.NG.'^tES.S, 








Twc' Ov-iiES HecEivgy 








JAN. 24 3S02 








COFVHKJMT BITHV 








(5ct Xi"- /^r» 
CLASd a- XXa »v, ,. 

/ <? <i> 8 g 


....Officers.... 






COf' X 


1 t\l\A .9 




Mrs. Theodore Foque 


President 


Mrs. G. E. Young 


Vice-President 


Mrs. Chas. Bond 


Secretary 


Mrs. H. V. Dougan 


Treasurer 



...Committees... 

SOCIAL 

Mrs. C. W. Gardner Mrs. A. G. Bennett 

Mrs. W. A. Mor.se. 

FEDERATION 

Mrs. C. B. Elliot Mrs. E. R. wShepherd 

Miss H. M. Colclazer 

PRINTING 

Mrs. M. C. Wells Miss M. S. Anderson 

Mrs. A. H. Kenyon 

CUSTODIAN 

Mrs. M. C. Wells 



Delegates to IDinn. State federation, Oct. 15-17 
Oiaatonna, n)inn. 

Mrs. Theo. Foque Mrs. C. B. Elliot 

Recording} Secretary of 17). T. Ul. C. 

Mrs. J. C. Buchanan 

dbaijina'n of Reciprocity Committee of D). ?. iU. C. 

Mrs. W. O. Fryberger 



Officers and Committees for 1902-3 



...Calendar.. 

1901-2 
MONDAYS 

From October 7th to March 17th, inclusive. 

Recess— November 25; December 23 and 30. 
Business and Federation Day— January 6. 
Annual Meeting— March 24. 



1902-3 
MONDAYS 

From October 6th to March 16th, inclusive. 

Recess— November 24; December 22 and 29. 
Business and Federation Day— January 5th. 
Annual Meeting— March 23d. 



PLACE OF meeting 

IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 
10:00 A. M. 



gpro^rdm for 1901^2 
The Barbary States and Egypt. 

"Semper aliquid novi ex Africa." 

/. OCTOBER 7. 

Prelude — The Mediterranean Sea. 

1. Morocco's Capitol, Tangier. 

2. The Moors. 

3. Algiers. 

//. OCTOBER 14. 

1. Tunis, and Its Bey. 

2. Tripoli. 

3. A Saharan Caravan and Its Traffic. 

"What is't ye doV'-M/rde///. 

EGYPT. 

"I will now speak at greater length of Egypt, as it contains more 
wonders than any other land, and is preeminent above all countries 
in the world for works that one can hardly describe."— Herodo/us. 

III. OCTOBER 21. 

1. Present Day Efrypt (Upper and Lower). Map Study. Delta, 

Lakes, Plain, Eastern Desert. Divisions. 

2. Alexandria, Danietta, Rosetta,. Coast Towns. 

3. The Nile. Course. Tributaries. Scenery. 

a. Old Inundations, Time and Causes. 

b. Expansion of Productive Egypt by Present Irrigation. 

IV. OCTOBER 28. 

"Soldiers, from the summits of these pyramids forty centuries are 
looking down upon you."— JVafioleott. 



Suggested 
Discussion. 



The 

Colonial 
Policy of 
France. 



Modes of 
Transporta- 
tion. 



Was the 
Egyptian 
Campaign 
Origin, Design, Aesthetic of the 

French in 

3. The Fayyum, Lake Moeris, Labyrinth, Abydos. (Study Ge- 'IFf-f- hleP 
rome's Picture of the Pyramid and Sphinx.) 



"Fascinating Cairo." 
Pyramids and Sphinx of Gizeh. 
Merits. 



V. NOVEMBER 4. 
Nature 

Worship the j Memphis. Step Pyramids. Tombs of Abusir, Sakkara. Dak- 

basis of ^, .,^ 

Egyptian ^""'^• 

Religion 2. Royal Mummies. Embalming. Obsequies. 

3. Religion. Education. Festivals. Animal Worship. 



VI. NOVEMBER 11. 

Is EevDt ^" T^^hcbes and Its Necropolis. 

capable of 2. Luxor, Karnak, Apis Mausoleum at Saqqara. 

Self-Govern- ^. Sculpture and Wall Painting. Class of Subjects. Peculiari- 

^^^*^ ties. Perspective. National Museum at Bvrlak. 

NOVEMBER 15. 

Address— Malta and Paul's Missionary Journey. By courtesy 
of Mr. David C. Bell. 

VIII. NOVEMBER 18. 

1. Diversity of Races. Fellaheen. 

2. Polygamy. Modes of Living. Domestic Architecture. 

3. The Khedive and Khedival Family. Government and Dual 

Protectorate. 
Study De Neuville's Battle of Tel-el-Kebir. (Library Gallery.) 

VIII. DECEMBER 2. 

1. Philae. Temple of Isis; Edfu : Assuan. 

2. Classic Ornamentation from the Egyptian Lotus. 

3. Resources of Historical Information : Hieroglyphics, In- 

scriptions of Obelisks. Papyrus Writing, Rosetta Stone. 

IX. DECEMBER 9. 

1. Pottery, Egyptian Symbols in Art. 

2. Egypt with Reference to the Bible. 

3. Archeological Research and Its Results. 

(Study Claude Lorraine's Picture, "Flight into Egypt.") 



X. DECEMBER 16. 

How to 

1. Story of the Suez Canal, The Gulf, Port Said. know the 

2. Byzantine Architecture of Constantinople. San Sophia. nugs. 

3. Oriental Rugs. 

JANUARY 6, 1902. 

Federation Day. 

"The mind is like a merchant's ledger; it requires to be continu- 
ally posted up to the latest date. Even the latest telegram may have 
upset some venerable theory that has been received as infallible for 
yesiTs.—Hammerion. 



"Where each old poetic mountain 
Inspiration breathed around."— Homer. 

GREECE. 

"The isles of Greece: the isles of Greece! 

Where burning Sappho loved and sung."— Byron. 

XL JANUARY 13. „„ . 

What has 

1. Greece, Geography and Geology. Political Divisions, Islands. ^J}^^ Greek 

2. The Ancient Hellenes and Modern Greeks. toCiviliza- 

3. Language and Literary Achievements. tion? 

XII. JANUARY 20. 

1. Mythology, Its Influence on History, Literature and Art. 

2. Greek Religion. 

3. Position and Influence of Woman. 

XIII. JANUARY 27. 

1. Doric Architecture, Illustrated by the Temples of Minerva at 

Corinth and Aegina. Temples of Jupiter at Olympia and 

Neptune at Paestum. b^^^\h^^ 

2. The Archaic Period of Greek Sculpture. Influence of 

3. A Composite Triad. Greek 

(a) Wise Men, (b) Muses, (c) Fates, Architecture 

in the U. S? 



How have 
the ''Elgin 
Marbles" 
Influenced 
Modern Art 



Why was 
Oratory so 
Developed 
among 
Athenians. 



XIV. FEBRUARY 3. 

1. The Persian Wars, 490-479 B. C, Showing the Supremacy 

of Athens and Decline of Persia. Famous Leaders and 
Localities. 

2. Delphi of Today. The Oracle. 

3. National Resources. Natural. Industrial. 

XV. FEBRUARY 10. 

ATHENS. 
"It was a scene to fill a God with wonder and delight."— /fow^^r. 

1. General Description of City and Acropolis, Propylaea. Dipy- 
lon and Tombs. 

2. Parthenon and Its Phidian Sculpture. 

3. Ionic Architecture at Athens in the Temple of Theseus. Nike 
Apteros. Erectheum. Temple of Apollo at Bassae. 

Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus. 

(Study casts in Library from Elgin Marbles.) 

XVI. FEBRUARY^ 17. 

"The workmanship surpasses the material."— Or/zrf. 

1. The Museum, Attic Pottery and Vases. 

2. Sculpture, Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippas. 

3. Corinthian Architecture — Athens ; Tower of Winds ; Temple 

of Jupiter ; Monument of Lysicrates. 
(Study Raphael's School of Athens.) 

XVII. FEBRUARY 24. 

1. Panoramic Views Around Athens: Daphne, Phyle, Parneo, 

Pentelicos, etc. 

2. Corinth and Vicinity. 

3. The Attic Stage and Theaters. 

XVIII. MARCH 3. 

" * * * and all Olympus trembled at his no6.."—Hovier. 
"When Greek meets Greek." 

1. Sparta, Rival of Athens, Modern City. 

2. Greek Festivals, Recent Revival of Olympic Games. 

3. Government ; European Intervention. 



XIX. MARCH 10. 

"Say from what city, from what regions tossed. 
And what inhabitants those regions boast." 

— Odyssey. Book viii. 

1. Story of the Iliad. The Historic Aim. 

2. The Odyssey ; Homeric Landmarks. 

3. Results of Dr. Schliemann's Excavations at Mycenae and 

Tiryns. 

XX. MARCH 27. 

1. Sculptors of Pergamos and Rhodes. Distinction between An- 

cient Originals and Ancient Copies. 

2. Archeological Research of Different Nations. 

3. Corfu. Ithaca. 

ANNUAL MEETING— MARCH 24. 
"And now I close my work."— Oz/zof. 



(program for 1902^3 



The Rise 
and Spread 
of Chris- 
tianity. 



Military i. 
System of ^ 
Italy. 



2. 

3. 

How do 
Italian and i. 
German 2. 
Music 
Compare? ^' 



ITALY. 

"Fair Italy! Thou art the garden of the world."— Byron. 
I. OCTOBER 6, 1902. 

Italy. Map Study ; Coast Scenery. 

The Making of Italy; Dynasty and Constitution. 

The People, Traits and Customs. Peasants, Real and Ideal. 

//. OCTOBER 13. 

The Unification of Italy. 
The Royal Family. 

Strength and Weakness of Romanism, and Its Relation to 
New Italy. 

///. OCTOBER 20. 

Early Christian Architecture of the Catacombs and Sarco- 
phagi. 
Symbolism in Christian Art. 
Early Christian Emperors. 

IV. OCTOBER 27. 

Italian Language and Literature. 

Lake Scenery, Mountain Passes and Railways. 

Famous Battlefields. French Conquests. 

V. NOVEMBER 3. 

Early Romanesque Architecture. 

Latin and Basilicas ; Early Churches at Rome. Baptistries of 

Florence and Pisa. 
Byzantine Style, St. Marks, Venice. 
History of Mosaics, 

VI. NOVEMBER 10. 

Genoa. 

Leonardo de Vinci. Paul Veronese. 

Nineteenth Century Italian Musicians. 

10 



VII. NOVEMBER 17. 

Education and Universities. 

Assisi. St. Francis in Literature and Art. 

Agriculture. 

VIII. DECEMBER 1. 

Gothic Architecture of Typical Cathedrals. 

Siena, Florence, Orvieto, Milan. 

Parma, Correggio. Perugino. 

The Etruscans ; Their Civilization. 

IX. DECEMBER 8. 



1. Florence. Description. 

2. The Churches. 

3. Pitti and Uffizzi Galleries. 



What is 
Italy doing 
for Indus- 
trial Edu- 
cation? 

How does 
Italian 
GOTHIC 
Differ from 
that of other 
Countries? 



X. DECEMBER 15. 

1. In Florence with Romola. 

2. Medician Rule and Rulers. 

3. Dante ; How He Reflected His Age. 

JANUARY 5 

Federation Day. 

"To every thing there is a season : and a time to every purpose under 
hcaxen. —Solomon. 



XI. JANUARY 12. 



Michael Angelo. 

Raphael. 

The Robbia. 

XII. JANUARY 19. 

Venice : Plan, Islands, Bridges, Canals and Palaces. 
Venetian Renaissance. The Churches. Doge's Palace. 

brary of St. Mark's. Piazza. 
Academy of Fine Arts. Titian, Tintoretto, Bellini. 

11 



Comparison 
of Artists. 



Li- 



Shall there 
be a new i- 
Decision of 2. 
Master ^ 

Pieces? 



Have the 
Alliances 
Strength- 
ened Italy 
Politically? 



How Rome 
Became 
Ruins. 2. 

3- 
4- 



XIII. JANUARY 26. 

Venetian Glass-Making. 

Lace Making: Its Revival at Bnrano. 

The Ten World Paintings. 

XIV. FEBRUARY 2. 
ROME. 

'Flow, old Tiber, through a marble wilderness."— CAz'/ofi? Harold. 
A Day in Ancient Rome : Triumphal Processions. Festivals, 

Combats, etc. 
Rome of Today. Description, Plan, Fountains, Squares, 

Castle. 
Present Italian Politics. 

XV. FEBRUARY 9. 
The Romans as Builders. 

Aqueducts, Roads, Bridges. Baths : Their Influence on the 

Moral and Political Issues of the Times. 
Triumphal Arches, Columns, Monuments, Tombs. 
The Fora. Colisseum. 
The Pantheon. Compare with Others. 

XVI. FEBRUARY 16. 



Architec- ^- P^^^ces. 
ture. 2. Vatican. 

3. St. Peters. 



Roman Renaissance. 



XVII. FEBRUARY 23. 



1. Naples. 

2. The Bay, and Its Attractions. 

3. Art Discoveries at Pompeii. 

XVIII. MARCH 2. 

1. Sicily. Palermo. Messina. 

2. Syracuse. Greek Temples in Sicily. 

3. Sardinia. 

12 



XIX. MARCH 9. 

1. Corsica. Elba. 

2. The Riviera, Italian and French. 

3. Marseilles. Glimpses of Southern France. 

XX. MARCH 16. 

1. Saracenic Architecture in Spain. Mosque of Cordova. Al- 

hambra. 

2. Conquest of Granada. 

3. The Spanish Coast and Gibraltar. 



"The toil itself was pleasure. "—Cz/?a?. 

ANNUAL MEETING-MARCH 23. 

"Come my friends, 
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world. 
Push off— for my purpose holds 
To sail beyond the sunset."— Tennyson's Ulysses. 



13 



EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

NOTK. Biblical reference to Egypt is printed in italics. 

In the Third Century B. C. Mentho wrote Egyptian history, 
arranging the Pharaohs or Kings in 31 Dynasties, the time ex- 
tending from 4000 or 5000 B. C. to 332 B. C, the time of Alexan- 
der the Great. The Dynasties are divided into three periods, and 
while authorities differ upon dates, they are approximately as 
follows : 

/. OLD EMPIRE 

B. C, 5000 (?) to B. C. 2100. Dyn. I to XII inclusive. 

Dyn. 
I. Menes, the Founder. Memphis, Capital. 

Necropolis at Sakkara. Tombs of the Sacred Bulls. 
IV. Three Pyramids of Gizeh Built. Portrait Sculpture. 

V-XII. The Oldest Obelisks Belong to This Period. 
Zenith of History. 

Useful Works. Lake Moeris. Fayyoum Labyrinth. 
Rock Tombs of Beni Hassan. 

Capital Changed to Thebes. Bible name No, or No- 
Avion. Prophecy concerning, see Jer. 46:25, Esek. 
30:14, Nah. 3:8. 
Invasion of Hyksos or Shepherd Kings about 2100. 
Zoan (Tanis)Cap. Compare Is. 19. Num. 13:22, Ps. 
78:12. 

II. MIDDLE EMPIRE. 

B. C. 2100-1600. Dyns. XIII-XVII. 

XIII. Egyptians Enslaved. Government Centralized. 

Visit of Abraham. Gen. xii, 10. Hebrcivs in Egypt, 

Gen. 39:1, 46:1-7. B. C. 1885. Joseph in Egypt. Gen. 

37, 39. 41. 42. 
XVTI. Hj'ksos Expelled. Egyptian Supremacy Restored. 

14 



///. NEW EMPIRE. 
B. C. 1600-332. Dyns. XVI 11 -XXXI. 

XVIII. Theban Aniosis United Upper and Lower Egypt in 

One Empire. 

XIX. Egyptian Conquest in Western Asia. Great Prosperity. 
Temple of Karnak. Luxor, Abydos, Palaces, Obelisks. 
Seti I. War with Hittites. Gen. 26-34. 

XXI. Rameses II, the Great, Most Celebrated of Egyptian 

Kings. Oppression of Hcbrczvs.. .Ex. 1:8. 
i6th C . Built Many Temples, and Canal between Nile and Red 
B. C. Sea. Moses. Ex. 2:5. 

These Pharaohs were buried in the Necropolis of 
Thebes. 
15th Century B. C. The Exodus of the Hebrews. Ex. 14:15. 

XXVI. Egypt open to foreign commerce. Greek Philosophies 

in Egypt. 
Persian Invasion under Cambyses. Egypt Conquered. 
Prophecy Eak. 30:10-20. Jer. 43:7-13; 46:1-24. 
From 663-332 B. C. Decline and Fall of the Empire. 

XXVII. Temporary Prosperity. Syria Taken. Josiah, King of 

Jitdah, Yields. 
XXXI. Conquest of Alexander 2,22 B. C. 

IV. LATER EGYPT. 

Successively Persian, Macedonian. Greek or Ptolemaic, Rom- 
an, B. C. 

B. C. 4. Flight of Holy Family into Egypt. Matt. 2:13-22. 
A. D. 

640. Mahommedan from this time to the Present. 
1517. Turkish Conquest. 

1798. French Occupancy. Battles of Pyramids and Nile. 
1801. English Occupany. Battles of Alexandria. 
1805. Mahommed AH I Founds His Dynasty. 
1831-3. War with Porte. Syria Gained; Lost, '41. 
1863. Ismail Khedive. Public Works ; Corresponding Debt. 

15 



1869. Suez Canal Opened. 

1879-92. Tewfik Khedive; Dual Protectorate of England and 

France. Gen'l Gordon at Khartoum. Tewfik Exiled for 

Life to Ceylon, d. '92. 
1884. Sir Garnet Wolesley at battle of Tel-el-Kebir. 
1892. Abbas Helmy II (born 1874) Khedive. 
1901. Building Nile Irrigation Dam. Uprising of Native Der- 

vishers. 



16 



GREEK ARCHITECTURE. 

"The marble piles repel the waste of rolling ages."— Thomson. 

Simplicity, unity, harmony are the three characteristic fea- 
tures. 

A Greek temple rose from a platform of many steps, and with 
surrounding walls and colonade was a shrine for a statue, the 
ground plan, a parallelogram. 

The term order in classic architecture is used to designate 
an entire column or pillar with the entablature. The distinguish- 
ing features by which the whole order is recognized is the capital 
of the column. 

The Three Orders of Greek Architecture are : 

/. DORIC. 650-270 B. C. 

Oldest severe. 

Column, witlwut base, generally fluted. 
Capital, Entablature, Archotrave. 
Frieze : Triglyphs, Metopes. Cornice. 

//. IONIC, 600-338 B. C. 

Graceful, Conventional, Sometimes called Attic. 
Column with base. Shaft taller, more slender. 
Flutes deep and numerous. 
Capital : Upper part square tablet, or abacus. 
Entablature, Frieze : An unbroken series of slabs, often sculp- 
tured. 

///. CORINTHIAN. 

Most Ornamental. Magnificent Decorations. 
Column, base and Shaft similar to Ionic. 
Capital, elaborate, often leaves, flowers, acarthus. 
The arch was never used by the Greeks. 



17 



PERIODS OF GREEK SCULPTURE. 

I. Archaic. Earliest to 490 B. C. 
Daedalus. Ageladus. Myron. 

Niobe on Mt. Sipylus. Lyon Gate of Mycenae, Aeginetan 

Marbles. 
Reliefs from Selinus. Harpy Tomb. 

II. Phidian. 490-400 B. C. 

Phidias. Bronze Statue of Athene. Melos Venus. 
Marbles of Parthenon (Elgin Marbles). Zeus. 
Sculptures of Erectheium. Temples of Thesus. Nike Ap- 
teros. 

III. 400-320 B. C. 

Scopus : Bacchante, Apollo, Niobe Group. 

Praxiteles: Mercury, Cupid, Apollo, Cuidian Aphrodite. 

Monument of Lysicrates, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. 
Lysippas: Hermes, Mars. Bronze Fauns. 

IV. Sculptors of Pergamos and Rhodes, 320-150 B. C. 
Laoccoon, Farnese Bull. Apollo Belvedere (Louvre). 
Wrestlers, Samothrace Nike. Artemis. 

From 150 B. C. to 312 A. D. The Greco-Roman and Roman 
works showed decline, and had no original school. The art col- 
lections from spoils and those in many museums are largely an- 
cient copies. 

CASTS OF ANTIQUE SCULPTURE. 

The collection of casts of Antique Sculpture in the Minne- 
apolis Public Library was purchased by the Minnesota Indus- 
trial Exposition in 1886. They were selected for the New York 
Metropolitan Museum by the director, Gen'l di Cesnola, with the 
assistance of experts from the British Museum, London, but ow- 
ing to unavailable space, were sold to the Exposition Association 
at a cost of nearly $13,000. They comprise 150 casts of the most 
famous sculptures of ancient Assyria, Greece and Rome, from 
government moulding altiers. The most famous are taken from 
the Elgin Marbles, removed from the Parthenon at Athens by 
Lord Elgin and sold in 1816 to the British government 

18 



The casts represent ornamentation of the Parthenon, which 
embraced three classes of sculpture : 

(i) The independent statutes of the pediments resting on 
the broad base of the cornice. Left, birth of Minerva. Right, 
Neptune and Minerva contending for Attica. 

(2) Sculptured Metopes (4 of the 92 originally) of Peristyle, 
Combats of Hercules and Theseus. 

(3) The Frieze of Phidias on the cella or inner temple, in 
low relief. The slabs were three and a half feet high. Also 38 
of the pieces represent the Panathenaic Procession, a fete in 
honor of Minerva. 

Phigalian Frieze, four pieces (Br. Mu.) from Phigalia, on 
coast of Peloponnessus, by architect of Parthenon, Sictinius. 

Mausoleum Frieze (8) of Hallicarnassus. 

Priene Frieze (7) Temple of Athene at Priene. Asia Min. 

Narrow Frieze, Temple of Victory. 

Bacchus Visiting Icaria (Br. Mu.) 

Pieces from Erectheum (2), Athens. 

Lyons of Cyrene. 

Archaic Nike and Nike of Painios. Inscription. 

Among the Statues represented are : 

Venus de Milo (Louvre), discovered 1820, Island of Melos. 

Hermes and Dionysos (Athens), Praxiteles. 

Apoxyomenos (Vatican), original bronze. Lysippus. 

Discobulus (Br. Mu.), Myron. 

Eros (Cupid) Vatican, Praxitiles. 

Laoccoon Group, Vatican, most famous of Rhodian school, 
discovered in Rome 1506. 

Psyche (Naples), from amphitheatre at Capua. 

Apollo Belvedere, Vatican (discovered i6th century), Antium. 

Niobe (Vatican). 

Apotheosis of Homer (Br. Mu.), found 17th century on Ap- 
pian Way. 

Alcaeus and Sappho (Athens), famous literary woman of 
Mytilene. 

Boy with Goose (Vatican), found on Appian Way, 1789. 

Harpy Tomb (Br. Mu.), from Xanthus, 6th or 7th century 
B. C. 

Ilissus (Br. Mu.), personified as river near Athens, from 
Parthenon. 

19 



OUTLINE OF ITALIAN ART, 
Architecture. 

The Romans combined the trabeated (beamed) and columnar 
Grecian style with the arch, vault and dome, which they probably 
borrowed from the Etruscans, who were famous builders. Greek 
buildings were impressive from beauty, Roman from magnificent 
proportions. The Greek roofing could cover but small dimen- 
sions, and large auditoriums were uncovered, while the Roman 
produced vast structural designs, which still form models for 
similar buildings. Rome, after Athens is the richest store of 
classic architectural antiquities in the world, representing thea- 
ters, baths, aqueducts, roads, triumphal arches, and wherever 
Roman conquest led, its architecture has been of note and per- 
manent, the whole presenting impressively an jdea of her civiliza- 
tion. The three orders of Italian Architecture are : 

/. ROMANESQUE. 

The eleventh century saw its perfection in Italy. 
Chief structural feature, the round arch. 

Subdivision 1. Early Christian Architecture. 

(a) The burial tombs and small vaulted chapels of the Cata- 
combs. A few modest wall paintings show the first traces of 
Christian art. Earliest dated Christian sarcophagus. Junius 
Bassus, 359 A. D. 

(b) Roman civil basilica adapted to Christian worship. 
Ground plan Latin Cross. Mosaic decorations at Ravenna, e. g., 
Rome St. John Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore, San Paolo, San 
Lorenzo, Santa Agnese. 

(c) Circular or polygonal buildings for baptistries or fun- 
erals, e. g., Rome, Santa Costanza. Baptistries at Florence and 
Pisa. 

2. Byzantine Architecture. 
The dome the grand feature. St. Sophia most perfect exam- 
ple. St. Marks (Venice the copy.) A drum supports the dome 
in the Neo-Byzantine style. 

20 



3. Saracenic. 

Chief features : Hall for prayer, court, mineret, horseshoe 
arches, scalloped arches, filigree ornament, e. g.. Mosque of Cor- 
dova, Alhambra at Grenada. 

4. Late Romanesque. 

Characteristics : Substitution of piers for columns. Twin 
towers, slayed portals, sculptured ornaments, e. g., Florence, 
Church of San Miniato, Cathedrals of Parma and Pisa.. 

//. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 

Chief feature : Pointed arch instead of semi-circular. Most 
of the buildings in Western Europe, from the first crusade to 
the 15th century, are in this style. The evolution of the pointed 
arch from the round began in France in 12th century. Typical 
cathedrals in Italy, Siena, Florence, Orvieto, Milan. Italian 
Gothic always maintained a foreign element and not a leading 
system. Tendency to breadth, rather than height. The tower, 
or campenile, is detached. The ornamentation is elaborate and a 
rich effects is produced by many colored marbles. 

///. RENAISSANCE. 

Fifteenth or sixteenth centuries. The peculiarities of the Ro- 
manesque architecture were reviyed and the decorations copied 
from the three classic orders of the Greeks. The period of new 
birth in science, art, literature, government and civilization, was 
reflected in Italian cities. Local conditions produced three 
schools : The Florentine, Roman and Venetian. 

1. Florence, long cradle of art, produced the Renaissance, 
her master architects and buildings were: 

Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Church of San Lorenzo, Dome of 
Cathedral, Fl. ; Pitti Palace, Chapel of Pazzi. 

Alberti (1404- 1472), Palazzo Ruccalai, Vecchio, Church of 
Santa Croce. 

2. Roman. Closer imitation of classic models ; free use of 
pilasters and arcades. 

Architects : 

21 



Bramante (1450-1514), St. Peters, Cancellaria Palace. 

Michael Angelo (1475-1564), St. Peters, Belvedere Court and 
Court of Loggia, Vatican. 

Peruzzi, Farnese Villa. 

Bernini. St. Peters (120 years in building.) 

3. Venetian. Most ornate of the three schools; light, grace- 
ful. Chief architect, Sansovino. Buildings, Doge's Palace, Li- 
brary of St. Mark's, Churches of San. G. Maggiore and St. M. 
della Salute. 



SCULPTURE. 

The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire wit- 
nessed the injury or destruction of many of the beautiful antique 
art works. 

In the I2tli century sculpture revived as an accessory to archi- 
tecture. The 13th century began individual style. The leader, 
Nicolo Pisano, architect, and sculptor, and his sons. The isth 
century, transition from Gothic to Renaissance, was the golden 
age of sculpture. Artists : 

Ghiberti. Bronze doors of Baptistry at Florence. 

Donatello. Dramatic reliefs, altar at Padua. 

The Robbia. Terra cotta sculptors. 

Verrocchio. Equestrian, bronze statue of Coleoni. 

Da Vinci. Equestrian, Statue for Sforza. 

Michael Angelo. Grand, severe ; greatest genius, sculptor, 
architect, painter. See Grimm's Life of Michael Angelo. 

Raphael. Statue of Elijah; Jonah. 

Cellini. Metal worker. 

John Bologna. Bronze figures. 

Bernini. New seventeenth century school ; exaggerated ; dra- 
matic. 

Canova (1757-1822), revival of Greek art. 

L.ofC.^ 



22 



PAINTING. 

The early Christian painting was entirely symbolical, the idea 
was hidden to protect from desecration. Classic story also illus- 
trated Bible truth. Religion and decoration were the motives, 
as seen in the Catacomb panels, mosaics, sculptures, ivories and 
glass. The Byzantine type showed gold backgrounds, rigid, con- 
ventional forms, long straight lines of drapery. Mosaics in St. 
Mark's, Venice. 

Before the 15th century the founder of modern art, Cimabue, 
used the Byzantine style. 

Giotto freed himself from these conventionalities. He occu- 
pies the place in painting which Dante does in poetry. 

Orcagua improved in color, perspective and form with the 
intellectual activity and scientific progress of the 15th century, 
and the great development of the i6th. The Italian masters are 
classified into schools, as follows. 

1. Sienna. 

Delicate ornamentation, rich color, glory not permanent. 
Guido de Sienna, Memmi, Taddeo, Lorenzetti, Sodoma (about 
1549) frescoes. 

2. Pisa. 

Brief duration. Pisano. 

3. Parma. Graceful. 
Correggio, Allegri, Anselmi. 

4. Venice. 

Brilliant color. Many artists of unusual excellence. The 
Bellini, Carpaccio, Giorgione, Titian, Palma Vecchio, 
Piombo, Moretto, Tintoretto, Veronese, Lotto. 

5. Milan or Lombard. 

Leonardo da Vinci. Caravaggio. Salvator Rosa. 

6. Florence or Tuscan, 

Cimabue, Giotto, Orcagna, Fra Angelico, Massacio, Lippi, 
Gozzoli, Mantegna, Botticelli, Ghirlandajo, di Credi, Fra 
Bartolomeo, Albertinelli, Michael Angelo, del Sarto, Vasari, 
Allori. Carlo Dolci, Salviati. 



This school contains more eminent painters than any other. 
Only the most important are named. They are frequently classed 
in subordinate groups, as Idealists, Realists. 

7. Roman. 

Raphael and his pupils. 

8. Bologna. 

Carracci, Domenichino, Rien, Albani. 

9. Nineteenth Century Painting in Italy. 

Little originality. Morelli, Michetti, Favretto, Tito, Segantini, 
Boldini. See Scrib. Mag., Dec. 1890, Feb. '91. 



24 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

"There is no frigate like a book 
To take ub lands away." 

EGYPT AND BARBARY STATES. 

Note. A number of these books in each list apply to all three 
countries. 

History of Egypt Petrie 

History of Ancient Egypt, 2 vols Rawlinson 

Egypt As It Is McCoan 

Egypt (Maps) S. L. Poole 

Present Day Egypt Penfield 

Descriptien De L'Egyptc By direction of Napoleon 

Historic L'Art Egyptienne (D'Anvers), Direction of Beaux Arts. 

Egypt, Land of Temple Builders W. S. Perry 

Souvenir of Egypt (Ills., no text) Duras 

Baedeker's Egypt 2 vols 

Murray's Handbook of Egypt 

Egypt Ebers 

Afloat and Ashore on Mediterranean Meriwether 

Edge of the Orient (see Saxor and Assvan) Russell 

Rulers of the Mediterranean Davis 

Glimpses of the Orient Bottome 

With Yacht. Camera and Cycle in the Med Craven 

A Reading Journey in the Orient, Chat. Mag. Nov. 1900-July 1901 
Classic Ornamentation from Egyptian Lotus, Architectural Rec- 
ord, Oct. '93-April '94. 

Uarda, and Egyptian Princess Ebers 

A Thousand Miles up the Nile Edwards 

The Religion of Ancient Egypt Renouf 

England in Egypt (Tel-el-Kebir '82) Milaer 

Royal Mummies Cent., May, '87 

Writing Material of Antiquity Cosmop., Nov., 'g^ 

A Saharan Caravan Cent., May, '87 

From Spanish Light to Moorish Shadow Scrib., Feb., '93 

25 



Egyptian Decorative Art Petrie 

Grammar of the Lotus Goodyear 

Tunis and Its Bey Cent., April, 1882 

Tunis Hesse- Wartegg 

Tangiers ( Moors) Constant 

The Hittites Campbell 

Egypt Exploration Fund (16 Memories) Series 

History of Art in Ancient Egypt Perrot and Chipiez 

Egyptian Archaeology Maspero 

Monuments de L'Egypte, (4 vols.) Champollion 

Views of the Nile, with Historic Notes Jones and Goury 

Denkmaeler and Aegypten und Aethiopien Lepsius 

Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers Edwards 

GREECE. 

"Let us thank God for book.s."— Taj. Free7nan Clarke. 

Histories of Greece Oman, Myers, Joy, Smith, Grote 

Reseaches in Greece, and Topography of Leake 

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Smith 

Baedeker and Murray's Guide Books 

A Walk in Hellas Snider 

Greek Pictures Mahaffy 

New Greece (with map) Sergeant 

Greek View of Life Dickinson 

Athens and Attica Wordsworth 

Mycenae, also Troy Schliemann 

The Mycenean Age Tsountas and Manatt 

Greece in the Times of Homer Timayenis 

Landmarks of Homeric Study W. E. Gladstone 

Homeric Synchronims W. E. Gladstone 

Introduction to Homer Jebb 

Art and Humanity in Homer Lawton 

The Customs and Lore of Modern Greece Rodd 

The Greeks of Today Tuckerman 

Greece under King George Bickford-Smith 

Influence of Greece Architecture. .U. S. Chat., Oct. to May, '92-3 
Greek Women in Modern Literature Chat., June, 1901 

26 



History of Art (2 vols.) Lubke 

History of Architecture Fergusson 

Discovery of Greek Statues Indp.. Feb. 28, March 28, '01 

Oriental and Early Greek Sculpture Cent., Jan., '82 

Praxiteles, The Age of Cent., April, '82 

The Old Olympic Games Cent., April, '96 

Recent Discoveries of School of Athens Cent., June, '96 

Harper's Classical Library Translation of Iliad and Odyssey 

Troy Benjamin 

Lectures on Socrates and Phidias Lord 

A Short History of Art De Forest 

Manuel of Greek Archeology Collignon 

Antiquities of Athens Stuart and Revett 

Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture Fermaugler 

History of Ancient Greek Sculpture Michel 

Greek and Roman Sculpture Perry 

Greek Sculpture with Song and Story Wherry 

ITALY. 

"A scholar has noenniii."—jRick/er. 

History of Italy Gibbon 

Baedeker's Guide Murray's Handbook 

Lectures Stoddard 

Rome Wey 

Walks in Rome ; (Cities of No. and Cent. It.) Hare 

Italian Cities Blashfields 

Italian Pictures Manning 

Italy of Today Bazin 

Italy and the Italians Taylor 

History of Italian Unity Bolton King 

Italy in the Nineteenth Century Latimer 

History of the Eastern Church Stanley 

Rome, Pagan and Papal Brock 

Six Months in Italy Hiliard 

Italian Journeys Howells 

Articles on Catacombs, Crypts McClintock and Strong 

A Day in Ancient Rome Shumway 

27 



Private Life of Romans Preston 

The Country of Horace and Virgil Havelock Fisher 

In Southern Italy Mouhon 

Rock Cut Villages of the Riviera Scott 

History of Italian Literature Garnett 

Dante and His Circle Rosetti 

Masters of Italian Music Streatfield 

Modern Mosaics Arch. Rec, April, '94 

German and Italian Music Compared Indp., May 30, 1901 

Lace Making Miss Palliser 

Revival of Burano Lace Cent., Jan., "82 

Sacred and Legendary Art Jameson 

History of Art, Lubke, Fergusson, Kugler, Goodyear, Dc Forest 
D'Anvers, etc. 

Italian Politics Forum, May, igoi 

Old Rome and New Italy Castelar 

Aqueducts of Rome Parker 

Rome as It Is Scott 

Rome and the Campagna R. Boon 

Rome of Today and Yesterday Dennie 

Michael Angelo Grimm 

Raphael Crowe and Cavalcaselle 

Pompeiana Gell and Gandj' 

Venice (also Hare) Cent., Nov., '82 

Genoa (Portfolio of Palace Arch of Rhinehart) Johnson 

Florence Cent., Oct.. '83 ; April, '85 

Lily of Arno Johnson 

Italy Trollope 

Cities and Cemeteries of Etruice Dennie 

Great Artist Series Robbia, Donatello, etc., etc. 

Painters of Florence Cartwright 

Florence C. P. Pitman 

Paintings in Florence (Diagrams of Galleries) Karly 

Romola Eliot 

Schools and Masters of Sculpture Radcliffe 

A Tour in Sicily (Greek Temples) Scrib., July, 1901 

Pompeii (3 vols.) Le Case 

28 



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